Dinosaurs Of The Jurassic Period - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3425 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period Nicole Jones Park University Abstract This paper examines the Dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period. The paper considers the holistic view of the Jurassic period in addition to the Dinosaurs that roamed the Earth during this period. Finally, historical consideration evidence leading to the demise or disappearance of the dinosaurs. Analysis is based upon research conducted from ten academic reference sites. The paper provides an understanding of the different species that lived during the Jurassic period and the environmental and climatic conditions that supported them. Also discussed is a significant amount of information regarding palaeontologists’ discoveries of great dinosaur faunas, such as the Jurassic Morrison Formation. Why did the dinosaurs flourish during the Jurassic period and what evidence is there to support it? How did the environment and climatic conditions impact the evolution of the species? What ultimately resulted in th e extinction of the species? The Jurassic Period, also known as the Age of Reptiles, and is marked from the end of the Triassic period to the beginning of the Cretaceous period; the time frames within this period are broken down into Early, Middle and Late Jurassic. There are three main extinction events in the life of the dinosaurs, none of which took place during the Jurassic period; however, the beginning of the Jurassic period is identified by the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. The term Jurassic was linked to the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, a small range north of the Swiss Alps dividing the Rhone and Rhine rivers (Palmer, 2002). In the Jurassic period, there were many vertebrates living in the oceans, including, fish and marine reptiles; these included that of coiled ammonites, ichthyosaurs, marine crocodiles, and long-necked plesiosaurs. Herbivores roamed the earth, feeding on the lush growths of palm-like cycads and ferns, while being preyed upon by smaller but vicious carnivores; and vertebrates such as the pterosaurs took to the sky (Palmer, 2002). During this time, the dinosaurs dominated the earth and were more numerous and more extraordinary than those in the Triassic period, in fact, the Jurassic period housed the largest land animals of all time. Palaeontologists have discovered many amazing dinosaur faunas revealing information about the dinosaurs as well as the geographical and climatical terrain of the Jurassic period, conceding the Jurassic Period to be one of the most flourishing times in the Mesozoic era. Climatic features are a very important consideration in Jurassic times, primarily temperature and precipitation; for many years it has been said that the climates of the Jurassic were similar to those of the Cretaceous, yet were considerably more equable than the climates we know today (Hallam, 1993). Palaeontologists had formed a consensus that the climate was hot and humid, with steady precipitation which presented ideal cli matic conditions for the explosive spread of flora. However, this belief has recently been challenged; while the climates of the Jurassic haven’t been studied like those of the Cretaceous, enough data has been gathered to form reasonably confident hypotheses regarding the overall patterns during that time. One example in particular is shown in the large supercontinent of Pangaea, which is believed to have experienced a significantly seasonal range of temperatures (Hallam, 1993). Early in the Jurassic period, this large continent continued and accelerated to breakup, creating huge volcanoes with rivers of lava and clouds of poisonous gases; it is possible that this contributed to the significantly higher atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide which is assumed of Jurassic times (Hallam, 1993). Pangaea divided into many smaller continents; the northern half, Laurasia, divided into North America and Eurasia, and by the Middle Jurassic the southern half, Gondwana began to brea k up; the eastern part, to include Antarctica, India, Australia and Madagascar separated from Africa and South America, making up the western portion (Unknown, 2010). Thus, oceans engulfed the areas in between, raising the mountains on the seafloor, which raised sea levels higher, flowing onto the continents (Unknown, n. d. ). Hence, the climate changed accordingly; for example, they may have experienced â€Å"strong seasonal contrasts of temperature within large continental areas as well as some polar ice. Monsoonal effects were dominant on the continents and rainfall in low and mid latitudes was probably strongly seasonal, with arid conditions prevailing at low latitudes† (Hallam, 1993). In the late Jurassic, scientists noted a considerable spread of aridity in southern Eurasia and attributed this to orographic effects (Hallam, 1993). Although there are no concrete conclusions regarding the climate during the Jurassic times, we do know that the forests flourished and the dinosaurs grew larger than ever before. Research has shown the flora distributions of the Jurassic period indicate a wide array of ferns, ginkgoes, conifers, bennettitaleans and cycads, many of which still exist today (Palmer, 2002). In the Jurassic life, the conifers were the most variegated of the large trees, and among those were the ginkgos. Ginkoes carpeted the mid-to high northern latitudes, and podocarps, a type of conifer, were particularly successful south of the Equator† (Unknown, n. d. ). The ostensibly palm-like cyads were very diverse and abundant; so much so that the Jurassic period could also be referred to as â€Å"the Age of the Cycads† (Kazlev, 2002). Some cyads were very tall trees with rough branches that were covered by leaf scars and fern-like fronds (Kazlev, 2002). Others, such as the beenettitaleans, were of extreme importance among the shrub-like trees, having short and stubby trunks with the fronds sprouting from the top (Kazlev, 2002). Although many different trees and plants fared well during the Triassic period, we can conclude the flora of the Jurassic was much more lush and verdant (Viegas, 2010). However, there are marked differences in the vegetation based on their geographical location. In the Lower Jurassic, scientists have mapped the northern floral zone to include such countries as Siberia and Japan, Greenland, northern and central Europe; from here, they mapped a southern zone, which extended from Mexico to the Middle East and southern China (as cited in Hallam, 1993). Therefore, it is possible the zones might reflect a wide variation of the latitudinal differentiation, however, some considered the differences were due in part to the continentality of the climate, thus exhibiting evidence to the degree of contrast between the seasons (as cited in Hallam, 1993). The climate of the northern zone was considered to be humid and moderately warm whilst that of the southern zone could be compared to the present humid tropical zone (Hallam, 1993). Conifer pollens have been used as an indicator to detect the amount of aridity during this period; the pollens were found to be the most abundant Upper Jurassic sediments, and as such indicated a time of maximum aridity during that time (as cited in Hallam, 1993). Scientists also found strong differentiation between the conifer species observed in the northern hemisphere and that of the southern emisphere; this is considered not a reflection of climate change, but more of shifting continents, as pollen, cannot cross oceans (Hallam, 1993). For example, â€Å"The Indian floras are significantly different from those in adjacent Eurasia, which presumably relates to the subcontinent’s northward migration in post-Jurassic times† (Hallam, pg. 288. 1993). In essence, the Jurassic period was a time of abundance in terms of vegetation growth and the evolutionary growth of the dinosaurs, but there was more to life than plants and dinosa urs; the seas also began to flourish. The breaking up of the supercontinent created a new environment for marine life as well; Similar to the growth on land, massive changes were taking place in the oceans in many different ways, particularly with the newly formed shallow interior seas. Fishlike ichthyosaurs were at their crest, replacing their Triassic predecessors, they shared the oceans with creatures displaying long necks and paddle fins known as plesiosaurs, in addition to giant marine crocodiles, and modern shark groups also began to appear (Kazlev, 2002). Another species prominent in the seas were the Jurassic cephalopods which included ammonites and belemnites. In the seas there was also a wide array of invertebrates, to include:  sponges, corals, bryozoa, gastropods, bivalves and ammonoid and belemnite cephalopods; while they all thrived, the latter two groups becamd the dominant nektonic invertebrates for the remainder of the Mesozoic period (Kazlev, 2002). Plankto n was also very abundant, more specifically, the dinoflagellates and coccolithophorids became more diverse during this time (Palmer, 2002). Indeed, the Jurassic oceans have been said to have something really special about them; â€Å"Of the dozen or so types of planktonic organisms with a fossil record, at least four either first evolved or experienced massive radiation during Jurassic† (Kazlev, 2002). There are many ideas of what that â€Å"something† might be; it could have been something as simple as an abundance of free calcium, however, red algae evolved in the Jurassic which suggests that the â€Å"something in the water† was the rhodophytes themselves, or alternatively, their chloroplasts (Kazlev, 2002). Some have gone as far to say that the plankton at that time was so copious it may have turned parts of the ocean red. Due to the vast changes on the land and in the seas, we can assume the dinosaurs of the Jurassic evolved as well, keeping up with t heir surroundings. The dinosaurs of the Jurassic period were very different from each other, consisting of a greater variety, in comparison to other periods. Due to the changes in climate, the forests grew, the herbivores became immense, and the carnivores also grew larger and fiercer to go up against such huge prey. It was a time of the largest land animals ever to exist on our planet; the saurpods were enormous vegetarian feeders who fed on a variety of plants, rumbling around on four, huge, pillar like legs, had a very long necks and long tails following behind (Unknown, n. d. ). This large group of saurischian herbivores had relatively small heads, considering their overall size, and displayed peg-like teeth that were primarily used for grazing (Unknown, n. d. ). Included in this group was the Apatosaurus, also known as the Brontosaurus, weighing in at about 30 tons and was around 65 feet in length; another well-known herbivore during this time was the Diplodocus; the Dipl odocus was much longer, measuring around 90 feet in total length, and an estimated weight of 11 tons (Unknown, n. d. ). Also in the Late Jurassic was the Brachiosaurus who was even more enormous, weighing an astonishing 55 to 80 tons (Unknown, n. d. ). These animals walked the great floodplains eating the leaves of tall conifers and taking water from the rivers as they traveled; they are believed to be in herd animals that traveled at a very leisurely pace. Herbivorous dinosaurs consumed a vast amount of food in order to survive; they needed to eat continuously in order to store up large surpluses of energy in order to escape their predators. Another plant-eating dinosaur from the ornithopods, was the Stegosaurus, one of the most popular of the distinct-looking stegosaur group; famous for the row of back plates, also known as ‘dermal plates or dermal armor’, which palaeontologists believe were used to regulate body temperature (Unknown, n. d. ). The Stegosaurs was a slow moving dinosaur whose appearance may have warned off predators, and possibly swayed its tail using the spikes to defend itself. Carnosaurs, meaning â€Å"meat-eating lizards†, were theropods who reached their peak during the Jurassic period. These carnivorous dinosaurs were bipedal, meaning they walked on two legs and they were smaller in comparison to the sauropods, however they were much more vicious. One of the most formidable carnivorous dinosaurs of this time was the Allosaurus; this was a fierce and terrifying creature that had long narrow jaws filled with very sharp teeth that could rip its prey to shreds; this dinosaur was extremely well muscled, growing to about 35 feet tall, having extremely short front legs with long sharp claws and extending from its feet were three long toes with talons similar to an eagles (Smith, 2005). Another meat-eating dinosaur that was present during Jurassic times was the Dilophosaurus; this creature sported a double crest o n the top of its head (which is guessed to be either ornamental or sexual), measured about 6 meters long, stood about 8 feet tall, and was quite slender (Smith, 2005). The Dilophosaurus had â€Å"strong hind legs; forelimbs with hands that were flexible, with an opposable thumb so he can grasp his prey his hind legs, his feet, were armed with very powerful claws and were probably used as weapons as well as for locomotion. He was bipedal of course, and probably a very rapid runner† (Smith, 2005). One of the first dinosaurs to be found and named was the Megalosaurus, meaning â€Å"great reptile†; this large carnivore also lived in the Jurassic period and was considered to be more intelligent and could run faster in comparison to the other dinosaurs (Dinosaur Facts, 2010). Standing about 10 feet tall, measuring 30 feet long, and weighing in around a ton, this fierce hunter was equipped with a big bulky body, long legs with clawed feet, sharp claws protruding from his t hree-fingered hands, and big powerful jaws full of long and sharp teeth, enabling it to prey on even the largest of the sauropods (Dinosaur Facts, 2010). Only one question remains, how do palaeontologists know all of this information and where exactly do dinosaur fossils come from? One of the premier places for fossils of this period is that of the Morrison Foundation, a distinct sequence of late Jurassic rock found in the Western United States. The upper Jurassic Morrison formation is considered to be one of the most opulent sites of dinosaur faunas in the world and provides large amounts of information about the geographical and climatical terrain of that time. The Morrison dinosaur bones were initially discovered in Cimarron County, Oklahoma close to the Oklahoma- New Mexico State line. This incredible discovery revealed initially four different types of dinosaur bones; most of which came from a single genus, Brontosaurus (Stovall, 1938). Extensive quarry operations have be en carried on at the site of the first discovery; over 3,500 individual bones were collected, providing an indication of the species that made up the dinosaur community during this period including: Ceratosaurus, Stegosaurus and Camptosaurus (Stovall, 1998). One of the remarkable things about the discoveries in the Morrison formation is the excellent quality of the xhibits discovered; a new quarry for Jurassic dinosaurs was found approximately 8 miles east of Cleveland, Emery County, Utah (Stokes, 1945). â€Å"Partial remains of 19 individual dinosaurs were recovered from excavations which measure in plan about 35 by 25 feet. The specimens are referred to species within the following genera: Diplodocus, Brontosaurus, Stegosaurus, Camptosaurus, Ceratosaurus and Antrodemus† (Stokes, pg. 116, 1945). There are several theories that have been suggested by the physical characteristics of this quarry, named after Mr. Malcolm Lloyd of Philidelphia, which could possibly explain the accumulation of bones; In Morrison time, dinosaurs may have not been any more numerous than in other periods of the Mesozoic, but their bones were excellently preserved indicating the siliceous nature of the bentonitic matrix was likely to be the reason (Stokes, 1945). â€Å"Overlying the bone bed is a 3- to 4-foot layer of almost pure bentonite containing fragments of zircon, quartz, plagioclase, mica and hematite†, which suggests volcanic activity could be responsible for the death of the dinosaurs at the site of the Lloyd quarry (Stokes, 1945). An unusual discovery in this deposit was the ratio of the carnivorous dinosaurs to the herbivorous dinosaurs which was nearly two to one; compared to most other large Morrison bone beds where the ratios are reversed indicating the carnivores to be rare (Stokes, 1945). The abnormally large numbers of the carnivores in the Lloyd quarry could possibly be explained by the scavenging tendencies of the Antrodemus; in this deposit, 10 to 11 specimens of Antrodemus were found, indicating they may have congregated and died from starvation amid the herbivores bones (Stokes, 1945). Many jaws of the Antrodemus species were so well preserved that full sets of teeth were found to be in place; this provided a tremendous amount of dental information including that of tooth growth and tooth replacement, Antrodemus, was theoretically never left with a gap of more than one tooths space on each maxillary or dental bone at any one time† (Stokes, 1945). For palaeontologists, the discovery of the Lloyd quarry was much like finding a buried treasure. The upper Jurassic Morrison formation produced one of the richest fauna deposits in the world, with sediments distributed over more than 1,000,000 km? across the western region of the United States; this includes Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, South Dakota and Idaho. Essentially this deposit represents â€Å"a mosaic of riv erine, lacustrine and floodplain environments developed on a vast alluvial plane nourished by the debris from ancestral Rocky Mountains† (Dodson, pg. 08, 1980). It appears the flora productivity was great in order to support an abundant amount of rather large herbivores indicating that some parts of the Morrison area were at times humid enough in order lush vegetation to develop; however, this fauna lacked coals but had a plethora of oxidized sediments, and small aquatic vertebrates were scarce suggesting that water was recurrently in short supply (Dodson, 1980). Dinosaurs of the Morrison were not contained within particular depositional environments but were spread across the complete distribution of accessible habitats; this suggests that these animals were a part of a land-based and cursorial community (Dodson, 1980). One model for the Morrison suggests that the paleoenvironment had both humid and semi-arid conditions, proposing â€Å"a vast alluvial plain with a climat e of high average rainfall and seasonal extremes of dryness and humidity† (Dodson, p. 211, 1980). The Morrison Formation is the most copious source of the Jurassic dinosaurs that roamed North America; dating back to the Marsh and Cope wars, the Morrison was one of the first areas where the bones of dinosaurs were discovered which reveals its long history (Unknown, 2001). The Jurassic period was considered to be the Age of the Dinosaurs. It started after the Triassic period some 260 million years ago and ended some 144 million years ago, thus spanning a gap of about 60 million years in the middle of the Mesozoic era. The climate was warm, humid, moist and stable giving rise to many new plant and fauna species; the conditions were ideal for them to live and adapt. The abundance of plant food enabled the herbivores to develop and become huge plain dwelling animals and as they became bigger, evolution similarly adapted the carnivores to become larger and more ferocious to de al with the size of its prey. As the land animals developed, equally the climatic conditions favoured the development of marine life; this creating an abundance of fish to support the development of an increasing population of predatory reptiles. It is imperative to give credit where credit is due; without the hard work, research and studies completed by scientists and palaeontologists, we wouldn’t have such a vast amount of dinosaur history available to us. Palaeontology is divided into various sub-disciplines and can be described as the study of what fossils tell us about the ecologies of he past, about evolution, and about our place, as humans, in the world; it integrates knowledge from many different disciplines such as geology, biology, anthropology, ecology, and archaeology to give us a better understanding of the processes that have led to the origination and eventual destruction of the various types of organisms since life began (Unknown, n. d. ). References Dinosa ur Facts. (2010). Jurassic Period. Accessed on 20 Feb 2010 from: https://www. dinosaurfact. net/jurassic. php. Dodson, P. , Behrensmeyer, A. K. , Bakker, R. , and McIntosh, J. 980. Taphonomy and Paleoecology of the Dinosaur Beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation. Paleobiology 6: 208-232. Hallam, A. Crame, J. A. , Mancenido, M. O. , Francis, J. ; Parrish, J. T. 1993. Jurrasic Climates as Inferred from the Sedimentary and Fossil Record [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 341: 287-296. Kazlev, M (2002). The Jurassic: The Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era: 200 to 146 million years ago. Accessed on 22 Feb 2010 from: https://www. palaeos. com/Mesozoic/Jurassic/Jurassic. htm. Palmer, A. R. , Giessman, J. and Rieboldt, S. (2002). The Jurassic Period: 206 to 144 Million Years Ago. Accessed on 25 Jan 2010 from: https://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/mesozoic/jurassic/jurassintro. html. Smith, D. (2005). Dilophosaurus! A Narrated Exhibition. Accessed on 21 Feb 2010 f rom: https://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/dilophosaur/intro. html. Stokes, W. 1945. A New Quarry for Jurassic Dinosaurs. Science 101: 115-117. Stovall, J. W. 1938. The Morrison of Oklahoma and Its Dinosaurs. The Journal of Geology 46: 583-600. Unknown. (2001). The Real Jurassic Park- Morrison and Tendaguru Formations. Accessed on 23 Feb 2010 from: https://rainbow. ldeo. columbia. edu/courses/v1001/morisson14. html. Unknown. (2005). The Jurassic Period: The Age of the Dinosaurs. Accessed on 21 Feb 2010 from: https://www. fossils-facts-and-finds. com/jurassic_period. html. Unknown. (2010). Jurassic Period. Accessed on 20 Feb 2010 from: https://science. nationalgeographic. com/science/prehistoric-world/jurassic. html. Unknown. (n. d. ) Dinosaurs- Herbivorous Dinosaurs. Accessed on 20 Feb 2010 from: https://science. jrank. org/pages/2097/Dinosaur-Herbivorous-dinosaurs. html. Don’t waste time! 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Question: Discuss about the Childhood Obesity In Bay Of Plenty. Answer: Background Cases of obesity among people of all ages and gender in Plenty of Bay have continued to rise over the last ten years. The trend has become more worrying mainly as a result of increasing number of younger kids becoming obese as compared to the previous years statistics. Children Obesity has now been ranked the top health risk among kids in plenty of Bay (Okma, 2009). Obesity occurs as a result of excessive fat in the body which leads to excessive body weight for particular heights. The widely used tool for measuring obesity among children is body mass index percentile (BMI percentile) (Moreno, Pigeot Ahrens, 2011). The tool is used by health professionals to determine if weights for different kids can be classified within the healthy range according to the age, sex, and height of a child (Wolin Petrelli, 2009). If a child is found to have a BMI at or above the 95th percentile, they will be classified as obese. Obesity in children is associated with a wide range of health conditions and makes children prone to illnesses at tender ages, besides affecting their education and quality of life (Chang Johnson, 2017). Through the initiative, the government will be aiming at eradicating numerous medical conditions associated with childhood including skin conditions, diabetes, and insulin resistance, Menstrual complications, fatty liver disease, gallstones, cardiovascular disease orthopedic problems many of which had only been found in adults previously (Branca, et al., 2007)Raising health kids target will minimize or eliminate the impact and prevalence of these health conditions which will improve governments efficiency in offering health services by lowering demand. Proposal details The target of raising healthy kids as addressed in this proposal will focus on introducing early interventions to minimize the prevalence and impact of obesity among children to ensure that they live a healthy life (Waters InterScience, 2010). The initiative will ensure that all the children identified as obese through the school check program will be referred to health experts for effective management of any health complications that they might be diagnosed with as well as any other relevant health eating and activity services that might be deemed necessary for them and their families. This will be focused towards the realization of raising healthy kids target (Brennan, Kumanyika Zambrana, 2014). The initiative will be centered on managing and preventing obesity among children through the provision of support to those at the risk of becoming obese, the introduction of intervention mechanisms for children who are already obese and finally enabling people within Plenty of Bay to make healthier choices thorough introduction of comprehensive approaches (A?cs, et al.,2007) Apart from identifying obesity cases, the initiative which will bring together governmental agencies families and schools and the wider community will also encompass an emphasis on food choices and body activity across all stages (O'Dea Eriksen, 2010). Apart from the health conditions associated with childhood obesity, it also brings a lot of suffering to an individual child due to reduced psychological wellbeing, discrimination, and stigma (Preedy, 2012). Other consequences in the long term include shorter life expectancy, long-term health care burden and lower quality of life as well as other socioeconomic and educational consequences of obesity among kids, who form a big percentage of the population Bay of Plenty. Benefits of healthy living Living a healthy life has been a challenge in Bay of plenty due to among other factors the availability of fast foods and the lack of emphasis on physical exercise for people across all gender (Whitney, et al,2013) Numerous benefits can be associated with healthy living for kids in Bay of Plenty including the prevention of diseases and health conditions associated with childhood obesity, maintenance of normal body weight limits which lead to an improved general well being and minimize the risk of heart-related complications (Safdar Berezecka, 2015). The mental health of an individual is also dependent on lifestyle choices good mental health can, therefore, sharpen the memory of a child and improve their overall which will have an impact in their education and overall well being. Degenerative diseases such as Obesity, coronary diseases among others occur as a result of dietary choices by individual .While these can have profound impact on the wellbeing and health status of an individ ual living a healthy life characterized by physical exercise and good dietary choices can help in eliminating the risk of developing these health conditions. The initiative will, therefore, lead to an elimination of the majority of Childhood obesity cases in the Bay of plenty, as well as improving the awareness on healthy living to parents and people across ages and gender in order to improve the overall wellness of the people in the region (McMurray Clendon, 2011). The proposal is therefore intended to promote the overall wellness of not only children in this region but also other inhabitants Next Steps In conclusion, Childhood obesity is a serious issue that threatens to jeopardize healthcare in Bay of plenty if the issue is not addressed in a timely manner. The number of children being diagnosed with obesity is growing at an alarming rate which calls for government intervention before the situation becomes unmanageable (Stettler Shelly, 2009). The main concern for this issue is that it is associated with numerous health conditions including diabetes and coronary diseases which for a long time have been a preserve for adults and which in the recent times have also been found in children. Due to the serious issues raised in this proposal, an immediate intervention is required in the form of the discussed healthy living initiative which will entail, examination of school going kids to ascertain their vulnerability to childhood obesity and referring them to selected health care providers to facilitate management of the condition. This initiative will also include remedy strategies su ch as educating the parents on dietary choices and exercise options. The management is therefore requested to consider this proposal, appoint a team to actualize it in the minimum time possible and set aside sufficient funds to make the initiative a success. References Bulloch, E. R. (2013). Obesity in New Zealand children and adolescents: The role of eating frequency and sleep duration. Branca, F., Nikogosian, H., Lobstein, T., World Health Organization. (2007). The challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategies for response. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Dovey, T. M. (2010). Eating behaviour. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw Hill/Open University Press. Brennan, V. M., Kumanyika, S. K., Zambrana, R. E. (2014). Obesity interventions in underserved communities: Evidence and directions. Chang, E., Johnson, A. (2017). Living with chronic illness and disability: Principles for nursing practice. Harris, P., Nagy, S., Vardaxis, N. J. (2014). Mosby's dictionary of medicine, nursing health professions Keenan, R., Clery, L., Thomson Reuters. (2010). Health care and the law. Wellington [N.Z.: Brookers. McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2011). Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. Chatswood, N.S.W: Elsevier Australia. Moreno, L. A., Pigeot, I., Ahrens, W. (2011). Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents [recurso electrnico]: Prevalence and Etiology. Estados Unidos: Springer New York. O'Dea, J. A., Eriksen, M. P. (2010). Childhood obesity prevention: International research, controversies, and interventions. Oxford [U.K: Oxford University Press Okma, K. G. H. (2009). Six countries, six reform models--the healthcare reform experience of Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, and Taiwan: Healthcare reforms "under the radar screen". New Jersey: World Scientific. Preedy, V. R. (2012). Handbook of growth and growth monitoring in health and disease. New York: Springer Safdar, S. F., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N. (2015). Psychology of gender through the lens of culture: Theories and applications. Stettler, N., Shelly, M. G. S. (2009). Living with obesity. New York: Facts on File. Waters, E., Wiley InterScience (Online service). (2010). Preventing childhood obesity: Evidence, policy and practice. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Whitney, E., Crowe, T., Rolfes, S. R., Smith, D. C., Walsh, A. (2013). Understanding nutrition. Wolin, K. Y., Petrelli, J. M. (2009). Obesity. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood Press. A?cs, Z. J., Lyles, A., Stanton, K. R., Dawsonera. (2007). Obesity, business and public policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar

People Have Very Different Reasons On Why Going To College And Getting

People have very different reasons on why going to college and getting an education is important for them. Some people go to college because that is what is expected of them, and others go because they have nothing else better to do. However, I am interested in going to college and obtaining a good education because it will benefit my family, my country, and me. My parents have this perfect life for me pictured in their heads, and the first thing they see me doing is going to college. They expect the best of me, and so by going to college, I will not only have fulfilled their goals for me, but I will have accomplished one of the goals I have set for myself. In our culture, when parents come to the age where they can't support themselves, it is the duty of the children to look after them. We don't just throw our elders into retirement homes and visit them twice every year. We are expected to meet their wants and needs, and that will not be possible without a good education, which will then lead to a good job. As you know, a college education is good for each individual, but not only that, it is good for the country. As a college education becomes more obtainable through the use of financial aid, our country benefits the most. We are the future businessmen and women of America, and through our knowledge, the country will grow. The education we get today will help us prosper in the future, and the more we expand our horizons, the more the economy will increase. If students are denied an education because they don't have the means to pay for college, then they are deprived of accomplishing their goals and reaching their fullest potential. In the words of Michael Jackson, "The dream we were conceived in will reveal a joyful face, and the world we once believed in will shine again in grace." With the students of today being educated, the people of tomorrow will prosper. Now that I've explained how my going to college is good for everyone else, I must explain why it is best for me. My dreams and aspirations are to be so successful that I am not dependent on anyone else. Ever since I was a little girl, I have wanted to be someone with power. To obtain power, I have to first obtain the knowledge, and to do that, I need to go to college. I have seen people become too dependent on others, and if anything upsets that relationship, the dependent one just crumbles. I don't want that happening to me, so I plan to study hard, make good grades, and be a top executive in a big firm. For me to accomplish that, I will need financial assistance, because my family isn't affluent enough to send three kids to college at the same time. Going to college has been a dream of mine since I can remember, and so I will try whatever it takes to make it there. Getting the financial assistance I need will make things easier for my family and I, so I am applying to many scholarships with the hopes that one of them will come through for me. I don't give up hope, and with the help of God, I will make it to college, and I will graduate and go on to bigger and better things.

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book Do it Well

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book Do it Well How Long Does it Take to Write a Book? The most valuable thing a writer can learn is how long does it take to write a book. And while most sources say it depends, we break it down for you.According to this article that interviewed famous authors, when asked how long it took to produce their debut novels, the answers ranged from four years to a decade. In other words, a very long time.While it’s nice to be able to take your time honing and polishing your new book, a rough draft sitting on your hard drive isn’t doing anything for you. It’s not building your author name, spreading your message, or growing your audience.Moreover, it’s not earning you a single cent.But there is amazing news:Writing your book can take far less time than you think. You just need to have the right mindset and stay motivated.Heres what youll learn about how long it takes to write a book:How to create a deadlinePrioritizing to take less time to write a bookCreate word count goalsFind accountability to write a book faster Set challenges to finish writing your bookHere at Self-Publishing School, our goal is to improve this arduous writing process. Right now, we coach our students to routinely complete a new book in just 90 days, finishing their first draft in as little as 30 days!They are able to accomplish this by following a simple step-by-step guide that were going to share with you today.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereHow long does it take to write a book?Many authors report that it takes up to a year to write a book, but more recently, authors are finishing their books in as little as a month to 90 days. How long it takes to write a book largely depends on how much time the writer puts in to actually writing it, though.The truth about how long it takes to write a book depends on how many words are in it.Heres a guideline for how long it takes to write a book: 30,000 50,000 words: 500 words/day = 60 100 days50,000 80,000 words: 500 words/day = 100 160 days80,000 100,000 words: 500 words/day = 160 200 daysEssentially, the length of time it takes can be anywhere from two months to 7 months depending on how often you write and how many words you write per session.Following the guidelines below, you can learn to supercharge your own book writing process, and you’ll become a published author much faster.How to Write a Book Faster so it Doesnt Take as LongIf you want to know how to write a book faster so it doesnt take as long, here are our best tips.#1 Establishing a Strategic DeadlineDeadlines are designed to help you inch closer to completing your book. It also encourages you to work every day hitting both short-term and long-term goals. However, you wont find success by setting arbitrary due dates. They must be set up for your books success.Here are3 ways to establish strategic deadlines:Define realistic deadlines.Set short te rm and long term deadlines for each portion of your draft that breaks down your entire book.Set honest expectations.If youre only able to write 500 words a day, so be it. Dont push yourself into thinking that you can complete an unrealistic task. Be honest with your abilities and align it with your deadline.Implement rewards. Dont make writing a book feel like a tedious job. Reward yourself for achieving your goals! Attaching rewards to each accomplishment will make finishing your book much more aspiring to complete.Action Step:Before writing, set your first draft time frame between 30-90 days and set target dates that tackle both short term and long term goals for your first draft.#2 Prioritizing Your Writing Into TasksWhat separates those who can write multiple books to those who can barely write a page isthe ability to prioritize. Because there are so many competing factors that pull away our time and energy,prioritizing is actually a very hard concept to implement.But in order to write your book, you need to establish clear priorities to get anything done.Here are some ways to prioritize your work:List out every detail of your book and turn them into tasksAssess each task to identify what carries the biggest value to completing your bookOrder tasks by its immediate priority and length of time to completeAnticipate unexpected changes to your schedule, and plan an alternative schedule to stay on trackAction Step:Make the effort and spend a few hours prioritizing your writing process. You will be surprised with how much writing you can accomplish with a well thought out task plan.#3 Creating Word Count GoalsOne of the best ways to accelerate the writing process is to set word count goals. Like training intervals, setting up word count goals will pace how many words to write a day.First you have to understand how many words in a novel for your genre. Once you know this, you can work backward to figure out how much you have to write each day in order to reach your deadline.By establishing these parameters for your own success, not only will you be more likely to accomplish these goals, but you will also notice improvements to your writing.Heres an example of a tracking sheet you can set up in order to accomplish your word count goals:We recommend writing down your daily, weekly, and monthly word count goals to not only show your current progress, but to keep you motivated until you reach the end. It also helps to include rewards for every new milestone!Action Step:Start your daily word count goal to 500-1,000 words per day. By completing 1,000 words per day, you’ll be looking at your completed 30,000 word first draft in one month!#4 Finding Your Accountability PartnerA supportive partner can be a great soundboard, a first pair of eyes, and a protector of your sanity. They can also be the extrinsic motivation you need to meet your own deadlines and word counts.When you have an accountability partner backing you up, it makes it ha rder to procrastinate because they expect great results from you!At Self-Publishing School, we believe in the accountability system and encourage our students to pair up with other like-minded students to encourage one another and hold each other accountable for reaching goals and deadlines.This is done through our Mastermind Community, so everyone has the same goal in mind: start writing a book and finish by self-publishing a book.It’s a great motivating tactic and helps our students complete their books on time.Action Step:Find an accountability partner who is willing to encourage and hold you accountable to meet your deadlines!#5 Setting Challenges for YourselfFollowing the same routine can get old quickly especially for something lengthy like writing the first draft of your book.To combat the fear of boredom and add more spark to your writing project, we encourage you to set challenges for yourself!Here are some simple challenges to set to write your book faster:Double t he word count youve originally set daily, monthly, yearlyPurposely tighten deadlines to increase pressureBan the use of your phone or all forms of distractions until youve completed your taskRead your unfinished draft out loud to someone new for feedbackAction Step:Include a few of these challenges every so often to increase the intensity of your writing. You may tack on even better rewards for each successful challenge youve completed.If you ever dream of becoming a self-published author, now is the time to finally make it a reality.By following these guidelines on how to develop a robust writing process, you will have your first book ready to publish in no time.Ready to become a successful author?You already know you want to write a book. Your problem is howtogetitdonetimely. Because lets be honest, we all dont have years to get a book done.But thats where we come in.

Nordstrom Retail Service Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nordstrom Retail Service Strategy - Assignment Example Customers will start talking favorably about the company only when they feel they are given importance and showered attention by the sales staff. So, Nordstrom meticulously ensures that each customer feels important and leaves the store fully satisfied, unlike some other chains stores that focus only increasing turnover without spending much effort on pampering customers. Product assortment: Whether it was shoes which it initially sold or later on apparels which it started selling later, Nordstrom ensures availability of full range of sizes and a wide variety of designs for the customers to choose from. In this way, the possibility that a customer will end up buying something or the other increase manifold. This also means that a customer entering a Nordstrom store will feel assured that there would perhaps be no need to hop from one shop to the other in search of the desired product. All national level chain stores, however, also try to ensure considerable depth and breadth in product types they retail so this is not something that is unique about Nordstrom. Price: While some retailers opt for the discount route to attract customers, others try to project their exclusivity by maintaining high prices. Nordstrom instead fixes its prices in such a manner that convinces each customer that the product they buy is worth its price. This generates a sense of reliability and honesty that goes a long way to enhance its reputation. The company clears its unsold stocks at discounted prices through a separate chain known as Nordstrom Rack Clearance Stores and also has one final clearance store called Last Chance.

Status of Gender in the Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Status of Gender in the Society - Essay Example In our childhood, all of us must have heard the story of a sleeping beauty. How the beautiful princess had slept for a hundred years and how did she get up by the magic kiss of the very generous prince.   Though we have enjoyed this story and think of it in a very romantic way, there is a symbolism hidden in this story.   Why I am trying to refer to this fairy tale is because I want to reveal this symbolism which is related to our topic. The sleeping beauty is the symbol of the Egg in a woman’s body while the noble and brave prince is the symbol of the sperms. In the accepted norms of the society, a perfect family includes a man, a woman, and their little ones. Man and woman are the two wheels of the family vehicle. If one of them breaks, the family will collapse. So male and female both have equal importance. Though both genders are important they have their specific roles to play. In society, a woman has always been given an inferior status. There might be the biological reason also which has become responsible for her passivity. In this contest, Emily Martin has mentioned the argument of Ruth Herschberger. â€Å"Ruth Herschberger argues that female reproductive organs are seen biologically interdependent, while male organs are viewed as autonomous, operating independently and in isolation.† (Page 490, â€Å"The Egg and the Sperm: How Science has constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Role) The typical conventional attitude about the egg and sperm is that the sperm is active while the egg of the female is passive and so it is conquered by the sperm by penetrating it. The role of the genders is revealed in this quotation, â€Å"Women merely supply the matter to be shaped and a suitable container. Men are the carpenters creating a child out of the wood supplied by women.